The Causes of Divorce :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

The Causes of DivorceThere are as many theories on this make out as there are people offering them. The usual explanations are communication, compromise, and commitment, and its hard to disagree with them.Indeed, if both spouses were consistently able to communicate with severally other, able and willing to compromise with each other, and 100% committed to their marriage, its hard to see how it could fail.The vexing question, of course is HOW do they foster communication, compromise, and commitment? here(predicate) the explanations diverge. For those with a fundamental faith foundation, the answer is clear. Marriages work if both spouses obey the principles of the faith. For a more prosaic explanation, check marriagebuilders.com, where therapist Willard Harley lays out a wide set of principles he says any couple can use to help their romance survive and thrive. The principle that creates the close to stir with groups I address is from general magazine a few years back, namely t hat the most reliable indicator of the success of a marriage is the extent to which both the husband and married woman had close, long-term, platonic relationships with members of the opposite sex before they met. When you think about it, this makes sense. Its startling to reflect on how little time husbands and wives spend in genuinely romantic interaction. They will spend most of their married life relating to each other as friends. If either or both of them lacks the essential skills or magnetic inclination to do that, the marriage is unlikely to thrive. One thing I feel strongly about is how little impact adultery has on divorce, and I retire that Im going against the tide here. I hear constantly from all-knowing observers - many of them fundamentalist Christians - who proclaim that if you look behind most divorces, youll find an adulterous encounter somewhere. That may be partially true, because many divorces do involve adultery, but I believe adultery to be a symptom, not a cause, of most divorces. Adultery is a reaction to abuse, and it is a tool of abuse. Adultery is the legal gotcha, but I dont think it causes many divorces. I think the crud that drives husbands and wives away causes divorces.

Non-Depletable Energy Resources Essay -- Fossil Fuels Environmental, R

Non-Depletable Energy Resources Today, much of the worlds energy comes from the processing of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal. These fossil fuels, however, will non last forever. Fossil fuel supplies are slowly but surely dwindling in numbers and one day we will run fall out. We emergency to find different ways to generate energy. Another reason to find different ways to generate energy is that the burning and processing of fossil fuels die NOx, SOx, CO2, and other particulate matter that is harmful to our environment and our health. Some may argue that atomic energy power plants is the way that our society should generate energy, however, the nuclear waste it produces and the extreme dangers that exist if a plant were to blow up emitting radioactive material across a large span of area mend me question its benefits. I think that society should turn to non-depletable resources such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy and hydroelectric energy for our energy needs. why turn to the non-depletable energy resources? The answer is simple. All of these energy resources depend on renewable resources to generate power. No matter what we will never run out of wind, sunlight, water, or the heat that is in the core of the earth. There is no need to worry about dwindling supplies. Also, people have been using non-depletable resources for years. Hydroelectricity dates back to the Greeks of the world-class BC who employ hydroelectricity to grind wheat and flour. The Persians had there own form of a wind mill in 500- 900 AD. The Paleo- Indians of North America even used geysers which would later be used for geothermal energy as a spa like refuge. Although there are some social and environment... ...Grand Vent is that the faction of consistent offshore wind, modern turbine technology, and unused oil platforms can produce clean, inexpensive power for Louisiana. (Source 2) I am a person that is v ery implicated with the environment. I think that we should do whatever it takes to keep the world we live in safe and clean. We as a society need to study and amply break in these non-depletable resources. Their environmental and social implications are minor compared to the use of fossil fuels and to nuclear energy. The costs will be minimized once we fully develop them and put them into full use. Works Cited Class Noteshttp//www.eia.doe.gov/kids/classactivities/energyarticles.htmlhttp//www.solar4power.com/http//www.environment.sa.gov.au/reporting/human/energy/renewable.html

To Build A Fire: Theme Essay -- essays research papers

In the story "To Build a Fire" by Jack London, there are tercet principal themes. They are respecting nature, and considering results of actions. The main theme, or universal truth, is heeding warnings. The themes are shown through the character and his actions. The main character in the story had an attitude that prevented him from heeding internal and extraneous warnings. He did not respect natures power, and therefore he paid with his life.His attitude was arrogant and careless. The small-arm had no imagination and only understood facts. He knew it was genuinely cold and his body was numb, but he failed to realize the danger. A newcomer with no experience, he thought he was invincible. Neither the "absence of sun from the sky," nor "the frightful cold" made any effect on him. For example, the temperature was less than -50 degrees. He did not care about how much colder it was. To him, it was just a number. He did not think of his "frailty as a creat ure of temperature." When the "old-timer at Sulphur Creek" warned him not to travel alone in such cold, the man laughed at him. The old-timer had experience and knowledge, yet the man called him "womanish." Even when the man knew he was about to die, he thought, "freezing was not so bad as people thought," and "When he got back to the States he could tell folks what real cold was." These quotes show that the man did not take his situation seriously. Instea...

Spirit Of The Game Essay -- essays research papers

The Spirit of the GameThis was one of the most(prenominal) inspiring books I behave ever read. It spoke about periods of time throughout the evolving of one of Americas most intense and loved games. The book was split up into two large sections and so divided into chapters inside the sections. The first section was called The Spirit. The first chapter of this section deals with the early stages of development in the game. From the beginning hockey was known as a athletic competition of integrity, grit, hard work all mixed in with a little class. Some of the most influential hockey players of all time such as Dan Bain, Goaltender for the 1899-1900 Winnipeg Victorias represented all these things that represent what hockey is all about. The next chapter in the section is called Team Game. This chapter in my opinion talks about the most important part of the game, which is teamwork. In the beginning hockey did not have all the individually talented players of today, it was all about the team. The 1932 Detroit Falcons, which would soon be, renamed the Red fly were a prime example of a 1920-1950s-hockey team. Not one player on the team tried to put their own individual statistics before the team, no matter how good they were. With this intense team playing style they won the Stanley cup the following season. The next and final chapter in section 1 was behind the Bench. The most substantial role is not being played on the ice, but behind the bench by the coaches. The coaches in any sport distinguish the tone a...

Domestic Terrorism †The Bombing of Oklahoma City :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Domestic Terrorism The Bombing of Oklahoma City On April 19, 1995, at 902 a.m., the United grounds of America was reminded that the worst horror often comes from within. Within a matter of days Americans were forced to realize that this terrible tragedy may be in possession of been caused by citizens who call themselves patriots. Until the Oklahoma City bombing, Americans generally though of terrorism as a foreign problem that could not invade the walls of this nation. Many Americans had apt(p) little thought to what these patriots sought to do. Militia and patriot groups were considered to be fairly harmless groups who enjoyed stirring people up. The vast majority of Americans did not realize how adept or how dangerous these groups actually were. Very few people could understand why a fellow countryman would wreak such havoc on them. When it was learned that the accused suspects in the Oklahoma City bombing allegedly had ties to political extremist groups, citizens started to g ive these groups a second, closer look. Very slowly, and over some(prenominal) decades, these fundamental extremist groups and backyard political patriots have evolved into the most dangerous enemy this country has ever faced. Transnational terrorism, which is almost always connected to political terrorism, has at peace(p) through a slow evolution since the 1930s (Lutke). For example, according to Philip Jenkins, the forefather to todays extremists was an organization called the Christian seem, which flourished in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Jenkins states that the Christian apparent motion was founded by Father Charles E. Coughlin, host of a weekly radio show. He contends they were anti-Semitic, anti-communist, and anti-government. Jenkins suggests the Christian Front recruited easily from citizens who had been brutalized by the depression. He also believes that the Christian Front was able to convince many people that the government had caused the depression in order to or chestrate Roosevelts communist New Deal (38-39). During the 1960s and 1970s, extremist groups ply on the Vietnam war and racism. Accordingly, extremist groups like the Weathermen and Students for a Democratic Society were responsible for a number of small bombings at the Pentagon, The United States Capitol, and several State Department buildings. Most of the people involved in these groups were young idealists who believed in the possibility of a peaceful world. When asked if todays extremist groups could be compared to those of the 1960s, Tom Hayden, once a member of the Weathermen, said To us, revolution was like birth blood is inevitable, but the purpose of the act is to create life, not to glorify blood (Marks 56).

Domestic Terrorism †The Bombing of Oklahoma City :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Domestic Terrorism The Bombing of Oklahoma City On April 19, 1995, at 902 a.m., the United States of America was reminded that the worst horror often comes from within. Within a matter of days Americans were forced to realize that this terrible tragedy may have been caused by citizens who call themselves patriots. Until the Oklahoma City bombing, Americans generally though of terrorism as a foreign problem that could not invade the walls of this nation. many Americans had given little thought to what these patriots sought to do. Militia and patriot groups were considered to be fairly harmless groups who enjoyed stirring people up. The vast majority of Americans did not realize how serious or how dangerous these groups actually were. Very few people could understand why a fellow countryman would wreak such mayhem on them. When it was learned that the accused suspects in the Oklahoma City bombing allegedly had ties to governmental ultra groups, citizens started to give these group s a second, closer look. Very slowly, and everywhere several(prenominal) decades, these fundamental extremist groups and backyard political patriots have evolved into the most dangerous enemy this country has ever faced. Transnational terrorism, which is almost always connected to political terrorism, has gone through a slow evolution since the 1930s (Lutke). For example, according to Philip Jenkins, the forefather to todays extremists was an organization called the Christian Front, which flourished in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Jenkins states that the Christian Front was founded by Father Charles E. Coughlin, host of a weekly radio show. He contends they were anti-Semitic, anti-communist, and anti-government. Jenkins suggests the Christian Front recruited easily from citizens who had been brutalized by the depression. He also believes that the Christian Front was able to convince many people that the government had caused the depression in order to orchestrate Roosevelts comm unist New Deal (38-39). During the 1960s and 1970s, extremist groups fed on the Vietnam war and racism. Accordingly, extremist groups like the Weathermen and Students for a Democratic Society were responsible for a number of small bombings at the Pentagon, The United States Capitol, and several State Department buildings. Most of the people involved in these groups were young idealists who believed in the possibility of a peaceful world. When asked if todays extremist groups could be compared to those of the 1960s, Tom Hayden, at once a member of the Weathermen, said To us, revolution was like birth blood is inevitable, but the purpose of the act is to create life, not to glorify blood (Marks 56).

Human resource management activities in healthcare Essay

There ar many external and internal factors that might affect the health alimony organizations however they argon more likely to be affected by external forces that in turn affect their daily operations. Some of the factors that affect the benignant resource department of a health treat organization are mentioned below. Economic factors Social and cultural changes Technological changes Legal changes HR planning and analysis debate planning is a procedure that in allows the health care associations to direct their future actions utilizing the resources that are accessible to them while keeping in mind the goals of the organization. There are some internal and external strength that have to be taken care of by the association and then a SWOT Analysis should be carried out. Some of the advantages of Human Resource planning are that it permits effectual use of workers and assists to replace the significant vacancies that have to be filled.Furthermore, planning suggests realistic recruitment projections, facilitates the staffing resources to be utilized more proficiently and efficiently and it in any case allows a improved focused investment in training and retraining, growth, career counseling and efficiency enrichment and also assists to uphold as substantially as to get better the level of variety. Human Resource planning is a very fundamental part of debate planning in addition to strategic HR planning, it assists to examine and classify the need for and accessibility of HR so that the association can meet its goals. Pynes, 2004).Projections supporting in appraising the current condition and to estimate future demand and affairs by looking at the history trends of the association and is significant for the associations in a way that it assists to predict the retirement plans of the staff whereas the demand estimate helps to foresee the labor force that would be required in the future. EEO compliance EEO stands for disturb employment opportunity an d this expression was shaped by President Lyndon B.Johnson when he marked Executive Order 11246 on September 24, 1965, formed to forbid federal official contractors from discerning against workers on the grounds of race, sex, creed, belief, color, or nationality. Recently just about managers have also added sexual compass reading to the directory of non-discrimination. The Executive Order as well required contractors to put into practice affirmative achievement plans to augment the contri barelyion of minorities and females in the place of work.Pursuant to federal policy, affirmative achievement plans must carry of an equivalent opportunity plan statement, an examination of the existing work force, recognition of problem areas, the establishment of objectives and schedules for mounting employment prospects, definite action-oriented plans to tackle problem areas, support for society action plans and the establishment of an internal audit and reporting structure. (EEOC, n. d. ). The reason why employment opportunity equal is important is because it is morally a dear way to conduct oneself in the workplace, moreover it also helps in making the business prosper.The way that I move toward civil honorables laws and employment civil rights laws, is I in fact think that they are all connected, they are all civil rights laws, anti-discrimination laws in the place of work, whether anti-discrimination on the grounds of race, sex, disability, age, creed or nationality they are all entrenched in the similar bedrock standard and i. e. , that individuals should be judged in the place of work, based upon their capability to carry out the conjecture and not based upon the threats, myths and typecast that one may have because of their race, or gender, or disability, or age, belief or nationality.That is in fact the unifying feature of all of the regulations in which the EEOC puts into practice and imposes, I think that is in truth significant that is both rising out of my own personal understanding and what I feel is right that people should be judged based upon their ability to do the job and thats really the very simple core of what we do. And if you sort of take that notion, that principle, one whole tone further, or take it one step, it makes business better.To the extent that youre making employment decisions in the workplace, whether they be on the basis of hiring somebody for a job or promoting somebody for a job, or treating somebody on the job, you ground those workplace decisions in the ability of that individual to do the job, rather than on a stereotype, or a fear, or a myth, because that person is from a different race than you, or a different religion, or looks different, or is older, or doesnt walk, or moves around or communicates in a different way from you.If you base those workplace decisions, upon the ability of that individual to do the job, you will get the most qualified person. You wont let internal biases, or fears, or myths , or stereotypes get in the way of selecting the best qualified person. Therefore I think, it is in best interest of the business to strip away those typecasts, those threats and those myths, in parade to obtain the best competent person, because then company will really be improved. The Quotations page, n. d. ). Other considerations Some of the other considerations the human resource management in the health care organizations has to take care of are staffing, development of employees, compensation, health, gumshoe and employee and maintaining labor management relative. Staffing The HR department must ensure that a fair selection policy is being used when hiring a candidate and everyone should be given an equal opportunity.Moreover, the job should be made available for every person who has the potential to do it and for this both internal and external recruitment should be opted for. Other than this, it is also essential to depart clear job criteria for the vacancies that are be ing announced by the human resource department of a healthcare organization. Full supervision must be done to ensure that the right candidate has been hired after which training should be provided to him. (Shi, 2006).Development of employees Health care organizations should invest in training to augment individual performance and organizational productivity, moreover it should also focus on developing management skills/development and supervisory skills, technical skills and communication skills and provide training to the employees who are new in the organization especially the ones who are working or are hired for lower-level positions in order to augment their performance.Compensation This comprises the wages and bonuses, vacation payment, sick leave payments, recompense of the staff and insurance policies, etc. , it is HR Department that is in direction to expand and to direct the benefits compensation structure for the workers that serve as an incentive to promise the staffing . Their objective does not just come to an end after staffing but they also have to work on retaining workers and make them stay on with the organization.Once the employee is hired, it is the work of the benefits coordinator to explain the benefits and the incentives the employee can expect from the organization so that the employee is conscious about it in the beginning and he does not get discouraged later onwards. Health and safety It is essential for the organization to ensure safety of employees at the workplace and the health care organizations must their employees health and medical benefits and the employees should be given free medical services. Employee management relation and Labor management relationIt is essential for the HRM at the healthcare organization to avoid any kind of discrimination in context with the age, gender, race or religion of an employee and it is basically the duty of the HR department to take care of this so that fair treatment is given to each and every person. Moreover, the HR department must also provide the assistance of negotiation in case any issues arise between the employees working at any level in the organization in order to ensure a healthy work environment. In the same way, the HR department also has to manage the labor and have good terms with them as well. (Leat, 2001).

Metals are electropositive chemical elements

Metals atomic number 18 electropositive chemical elements that ar char flakeerised by the fol number oneing qualities ductility, malleability, luster, opacity, and conductance of catch fire and electricity. They lot replace the hydrogen of an acid and form bases with hydroxyl radicals.Density is defined as a bodilys mass divided by its volume. Metals typically come relatively towering densities, especially when comp bed to polymers. Often, materials with high densities contain atoms with high nuclear numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some surfaces such as aluminum or magnesium feel low densities. These coats be useful in applications requiring former(a) metallic properties but in which low weight is in addition beneficial.Fracture Toughness scum bagful be described as a materials ability to avoid fracture, especially when a flaw is introduced. Glass, for example, has low fracture toughness (although it exhibits high strength in the absence of flaws). Metals typically get to high fracture toughness. Metals smoke generally contain nicks and dents withtaboo weakening rattling much. They ar withal impact resistant. A football pretender relies on this fact to go over that his facemask wont shatter. The roll cage on a racecar, for example, is created from leaf blade. This trade name should remain intact in a crash, protecting the driver.The ability of a material to bend or deform in front breaking is known as plastic de move over-up. rough materials ar formed so that they dont deform on a lower floor normal conditions. You dont want your car to lean to the east after a strong west wind, for example. However, some whiles we john take advantage of plastic deformation. The scrunch up zones in a car absorb vital force by under liberation plastic deformation before they break.Stress takes place when intensity levels pull (this is known as tension), get-up-and-go (compression) or act in combination on a material. Once the forc e is applied, the material responds by distorting, counterbalancing the force. With a bigger force, there allow for be a correspondingly greater distortion until the item breaks.Stress is the force applied per unit of cross-sectional atomic number 18a squ atomic number 18 to the force. This can be verbalized mathematically asStress (s) = Force / unit of battlegroundThe metric agreement units for evince are Newton per square meter (N/m2) and imperial system units are pounds per square inch (psi).Strain is the amount the material deforms from the unloaded state when the force is applied. Its formula isStrain (x) = C fluxe in length / sea captain lengthSince strain is a ratio of length divided by a length, it has no units. By the formula, we can see that it represents a proportional interchange in size.Deformation occurs when a force is applied to a metal. The metal is therefore strained. The greater the force the more the deformation (strain). This relationship is recognised in Hookes Law.Hookes Law describes an elastic region where emphasise and strain are proportional (a straight line on a graph). In this region the metal acts manage a spring and when the load is removed the deformation (strain) reduces and it returns to its original shape. If sort of the load increases, the strain (deformation) rises and the metal undergoes uniform plastic deformation.The stress-strain graph is abridged in this region. Eventually, a maximum stress is r for each oneed when the metal when the material reaches its limit of snuggling. Necking is localized thinning that occurs during sheet metal forming prior to fracture. The onset of localized necking is dependent upon the stress state which is affected by geometric factors. Finally, past the maximum stress point, a point is reached where the metal can no weeklong sustain the load and it yields.The behavior of metals under load is a dispatchspring of their atomic ar contrivement. When a material is loaded it def orms minutely in reaction to the load. The atoms in the material move closer together in compression and further a government agency in tension. The amount an atom moves from its neighbor is its strain. As a force is applied the atoms change a proportionate distance.This model however, does non explain why there is sudden yielding. With most modern metals yielding usually occurs at close to 1% of the theoretic strength of the atomic bonds. Many materials yield at about 0.1% of the theoretic strength.Rather, metals exhibit such low strengths because of imperfect atomic structures in the crystal lattices which comprise them. A row of atoms will often s surmount mid crystal, creating a gap in the atomic structure. These gaps act as dislocations, which are spacious stress raising points in the metal.These dislocations move when the metal is stressed. A dislocation is defined as allowing atoms to slip one at a time, qualification it easier to deform metals. Dislocation interactions within a metal are a primary means by which metals are deformed and strengthenceed. When metals deform by dislocation motion, the more em ginmillrassriers the dislocations meet, the stronger the metal. The presence of dislocations in metal allows deformation at low levels of stress. However, eventually so many dislocations accumulate that insufficient atoms are left(a) to take the load. This causes the metal to yield.Plastic deformation causes the formation of more dislocations in the metal lattice. This has the potential to create a decrease in the mobility of these dislocations due to their endeavor to become tangled or pinned. When plastic deformation occurs at temperatures low enough that atoms cannot rear set reach, the metal can be strengthened as a provide of this gist. Unfortunately, this in like manner causes the metal to become more brittle. As a metal is utilize, it tends to form and grow cracks, which eventually cause it to break or fracture.Atoms of melted me tal pack together to form a crystal lattice at the freezing point. As this occurs, root words of these atoms form tiny crystals. These crystals gift their size increased by progressively adding atoms. The resulting solid, instead of being a single crystal, is actually many smaller crystals, called grains. These grains will then grow until they impose upon neighbouring growing crystals. The interface amongst the grains is called a grain boundary. Dislocations cannot easily cross grain boundaries. If a metal is heated, the grains can grow larger and the material becomes softer. Heating a metal and cooling system it quickly (quenching), followed by gentle heating (tempering), results in a harder material due to the formation of many small Fe3C precipitates which block dislocations.The atomic bonding of metals also affects their properties. Metal atoms are attached to each early(a) by strong, delocalized bonds. These bonds are formed by a cloud of valence electrons that are shared between positive metal ions (cations) in a crystal lattice. These outer valence electrons are also very(prenominal) mobile. This explains why electrons can conduct heat and electricity the free electrons are easily able to transfer energy through the material. As a result, metals discharge respectable cooking pans and galvanising wires. In the crystal lattice, metal atoms are packed closely together to maximize the strength of the bonds. It is also impossible to see through metals, since the valence electrons absorb any photons of light-colored hitting the metal. Thus, no photons pass through.Alloys are compounds consisting of more than one metal. Creating alloys of metals can affect the density, strength, fracture toughness, plastic deformation, electrical conductivity and environmental degradation. As an example, adding a small amount of iron to aluminum will off it stronger. Alternatively, adding some chromium to steel will slow the rusting process, but will make it mor e brittle. Some alloys harbor a higher resistance to corrosion.Corrosion, by the way, is a major(ip) problem with most metals. It occurs due to an oxidation-reduction reaction in which metal atoms form ions causing the metal to weaken. The pursuit technique that has been developed to combat corrosion in structural applications sacrificial anode made of a metal with a higher oxidation potential is attached to the metal. Using this procedure, the sacrificial anode corrodes, leaving the structural part, the cathode, undamaged. Corrosion can also be resisted by the formation of a protective coating on the outside of a metal. For example, steels that contain chromium metal form a protective coating of chromium oxide. aluminum is also exhibits corrosion resistant properties because of the formation of a strong oxide coating. The familiar green patina formed by copper is created through a reaction with atomic number 16 and oxygen in the air.In nature, only a few pure metals are found. Most metals in nature exist as ores, which are compounds of the metal with oxygen or sulfur. The separation of the pure metal from the ore typically requires large amounts of energy as heat and/or electricity. Because of this large expenditure of energy, recycling metals is very important.Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. Finally, at extremely low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors.CeramicCeramic materials are inorganic, nonmetal materials, typically oxides, nitrides, or carbides. Most ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements in which the interatomic bonds are either totally ionic, or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character. While many adopt crystalline structures, some form glasses. The properties of the ceramics are due to their bonding and structure.The term ceramic comes from the Greek word keramikos, w hich means burnt stuff This signifies that the desirable properties of these materials are typically achieved through a high-temperature heat treatment process. This process is called firing.Ceramics are often defined to simply be any inorganic nonmetallic material. By this definition, glasses are also ceramic materials. However, some materials scientists state that a true ceramic must also be crystalline, which excludes glasses.The term ceramic at once referred only to clay-establish materials. However, raw generations of ceramic materials have tremendously expanded the scope and number of possible applications, broadening the definition significantly. Many of these new materials have a major impact on our mundane lives and on our society.Ceramics and glasses possess the following useful properties high melting temperature, low density, high strength, stiffness, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. Additionally, ceramics are often good electrical and thermal insu lators.Since they are good thermal insulators, ceramics can withstand high temperatures and do not expand greatly when heated. This makes them excellent thermal endriers. The applications of this property range from lining industrial furnaces, to covering the space shuttle, shielding it from high reentry temperatures.The aforementioned glasses are transparent, amorphous ceramics which are extensively used in windows and lenses, as well as many other familiar applications. Light can induce an electrical response in some ceramics. This response is called photoconductivity. An example of photoconductivity occurs in fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cable is speedily replacing copper for communications optical fibers can transmit more schooling for longer distances, and have less interference and signal loss than traditional copper wires.Ceramics are also typically strong, hard, and durable materials. As a result, they are attractive structural materials. One significant drawback to th eir use is their crispiness. However, this problem is being addressed by the creation of new materials such as composites.While ceramics are typically good insulators, some ceramics can actually act as superconductors. Thus, they are used in a total range of applications. Some (the good insulators) are capacitors, others semiconductors in electronic devices. Some ceramics are piezoelectric materials, which convert mechanical pressure into an electrical signal. These are extremely useful for sensors. For superconducting ceramics, there is a strong research effort to discover new high Tc superconductors and to then develop possible applications.Processing of crystalline ceramics is based on the canonic steps which have been used for ages to make clay products. The materials are for the first time selected, then prepared, formed into a required shape, and finally sintered at high temperatures. Glasses, on the other hand, are typically processed by pouring magic spell in a molten state. They are then worked into shape while hot, and finally cooled. on that point are also new methods, such as chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel processing, currently being developed. Ceramics have a wide range of applications. For example, ceramic tiles cover the space shuttle as well as our kitchen floors. Ceramic electronic devices make possible high technology instruments for everything from medicine to entertainment.There are also some special properties which a few ceramics possess. For example, some ceramics are magnetic materials and, as mentioned above, some have piezoelectric properties.The one major drawback of ceramics and glasses is that they are brittle.As mentioned above, certain(prenominal) types of ceramics possess superconducting properties at extremely low temperatures. For example, there are high-temperature superconducting ceramic materials that have recently been discovered. These materials exhibit close to no electrical resistance below 100 degrees Kelvin. Also, these materials exhibit what is known as the Meissner effect. This means that they repel magnetic flux lines, allowing a magnet to hang in the space above the superconductor.An example of special group of crystalline ceramics is the group called Perovskites. They have captured the interest of geologists due to the information they can yield about Earths history. The most intensely studied Perovskites at the present time are those that superconduct at placid nitrogen temperatures.Ceramics were historically used for creating pottery and ar iirk, largely because the brittleness and difficulty of manufacturing ceramics restricted them from other uses until recently. However, the market requirement for microelectronics and structural composite components has risen, causing the demand for ceramic materials to likewise increase.Fiber-reinforced composites, an example of a modern ceramic application, are being created from ceramic fibers with extremely high stiffness, such as graphite and aluminum oxide.PolymersPolymers are substances which contain a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. They are any of many natural and synthetical compounds, usually of high molecular weight. They typically consist of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule. These substances often form into a chain-like structure. Some polymers have been around since the beginning of time in the natural world. For example, starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Man-made polymers, a relatively recent development, have been studied since 1832. However, the polymer industry today has is larger than the aluminum, copper and steel industries combined.Polymers have a huge range of applications that greatly surpasses that of any other class of material operable to man. Current applications include adhesives, coatings, foams, forwarding materials, textile and industrial fibers, elastomers, an d structural plastics. Polymers are also widely used for many composites, electronic devices, biomedical devices, optical devices, and precursors for many newly developed high-tech ceramics (such as the fiber-reinforced composite mentioned at the end of the ceramic section).The word polymer literally has the meaning many parts. A polymeric solid material can be considered to be one containing many chemically bonded parts or units, themselves which are bonded together to form a solid. Polymers are typically good insulators. While a large variety of polymer applications were described above, two of the most industrially important polymeric materials are plastics and elastomers. Plastics are a large and varied group of synthetic materials. They are processed by forming or molding into shape. There are many types of plastics such as polyethylene and nylon.Polymers can be separated into two different groups depending on their doings when heated. Polymers with li intimately molecules are often thermoplastic. Thermoplastic substances soften upon heating and can be remolded and recycled. They can be semi-crystalline or amorphous. The other group of polymers is the thermosets. In contast to thermoplastics, these substances do not soften under heat and pressure and cannot be remolded or recycled. Instead, they must be remachined, used as fillers, or incinerated to remove them from the environment.Thermoplastics are typically carbon-containing polymers which are synthesized by addition or condensation polymerization. This procedure forms strong covalent bonds within the gyves and weaker secondary caravan der Waals bonds between the chains. Normally, the secondary forces can be easily overcome by thermal energy, which makes thermoplastics moldable at high temperatures. After cooling, thermoplastics will also stay their newly reformed shape. Common applications of thermoplastics include parts for viridity household appliances, bottles, cable insulators, tape, blender and mixer bowls, medical syringes, mugs, textiles, packaging, and insulation.Thermosets exhibit the same Van der Waals bonds that thermoplastics do. They also have a stronger linkage to other chains. Different chains together in a thermoset material are chemically held together by strong covalent bonds. The chains may be directly bonded to each other, or alternatively may be bonded through other molecules. This cross-linking between the chains is what allows the material to resist softening upon heating. Thus, thermosets must be machined into a new shape if they are to be reused or they can serve as fine-grained fillers.However, while thermosets are difficult to reform, they have many plain advantages in engineering physique applications. These include high thermal stability and insulating properties, high inflexibleness and dimensional stability, resistance to creep and deformation under load, and low weight. A few common applications for thermosets include epoxies (glues), aut omobile corpse parts, adhesives for plywood and particle board, and as a matrix for composites in boat hulls and tanks.The polymer molecule, a long chain of covalent-bonded atoms, is the basic building block of a plastic. Polymers are typically carbon based and have relatively low melting points. Polymers have a very wide range of properties that enable them to be extensively used in society. Some uses include car parts, food storage, electronic packaging, optical components, and adhesives.Synthetic fabrics are essentially man-made copies of natural fabrics. Synthetic fibers do not occur in nature as themselves. They are usually derivatives of petroleum products. Examples of common synthetic fabrics are polyester, spandex, rayon, and velcro.Recent technological developments have lead to electrically conductive polymers. The behaviour of semiconductors can now be achieved with polymeric systems. For example, there are semiconducting polymers which, when sandwiched between two electr odes, can generate light of any color. This technology has the potential of leading to OLED (organic light-emitting crystal rectifier) flat panel displays. This display would be light in weight, have low power consumption, and perhaps be flexible.Liquid crystals are other example of polymeric materials. As the name suggests, a liquid crystal is a state of matter intermediate between a standard liquid and a solid. Liquid crystal phases are formed from geometrically anisotropic molecules. This typically means they are cigar shaped, although other shapes are possible. The polymer molecules have a certain degree of order in a liquid crystal phase. Take the simplest case, the Nematic phase, in which the molecules generally point in the same direction but tranquilize move around with respect to one other as would be expected in a liquid. However, under the influence of an applied electric field, the coalescency of the polymer molecules gives rise to light absorption.CompositesComposi tes are materials, usually man-made, that are a three-dimensional combination of at least two chemically distinct materials, with a distinct interface separating the components. They are created to obtain properties that cannot be achieved by any of the components acting alone.In composites, one of the materials, called the reinforcing phase, is in the form of fibers, sheets, or particles. This material is embedded in the other materials, called the matrix phase. The reinforcing material and the matrix material can be metal, ceramic, or polymer. Typically, reinforcing materials are strong with low densities while the matrix is usually a ductile, or tough, material.The purpose of the composite, when it is designed and fabricated correctly, is to combine the strength of the reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve a combination of desirable properties not available in any single conventional material. The downside is that such composites are often more expensive than conventional materials. Some examples of current applications of composites include the diesel piston, brake-shoes and pads, tires and the Beechcraft aircraft in which 100% of the structural components are composites.A structural composite often begins with lay-up of prepreg. At this point, the choice of fiber will influence the basic pliable and compressive strength and stiffness, electrical and thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion of the final pre-preg material. The cost of the composite can also be strongly influenced by the fiber selected.The rosin/fiber composites strength depends primarily on the amount, arrangement and type of fiber (or particle) reinforcement in the resin. Typically, the higher the reinforcement content, the greater the strength. There are also some cases in which glass fibers are combined with other fibers, such as carbon or aramid, to create a hybrid composite that combines the properties of more than one reinforcing material. Additionally, the co mposite is typically formulated with fillers and additives that change processing or performance parameters.Integrating the ceramic, metallic, plastic and semiconductor materials is a necessary requirement to the delusion of the micro-electronics package. This is an example of a composite system whose function is to provide interface between the central IC (Integrated Chip) and the other items on, for example, a PCB (printed roundabout board).SemiconductorsThere is a relatively small group of elements and compounds that has an important electrical property, semi-conduction, which makes them neither good electrical conductors nor good electrical insulators. Instead, their ability to conduct electricity is intermediate. These materials are called semiconductors, and in general, they do not fit into any of the structural materials categories based on atomic bonding. For example, metals are inherently good electrical conductors. Ceramics and polymers (non-metals) are generally pitifu l conductors but good insulators. The semiconducting elements (Si, Ge, and Sn) from column IV of the periodic table serve as a kind of boundary between metallic and nonmetallic elements.Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), widely used elemental semiconductors, are outstanding examples of this class of materials. These elemental semiconductors are also known as Mono Semiconductors. binary semiconductors are formed by a compound of two elements, normally an element from group III combined with an element from group V (such as CdS), or a element from group II combined with an element from group VI (such as GaAs). Tertiary semiconductors are formed by a compound of three elements. These semiconductors are typically compounds of elements from groups I, III and VI (such as AgInS) or elements from groups II, IV and V (such as ZnGeAs).All materials have energy phones in which their electrons can exist. In metals, as stated above, the valence band is partially-filled, and the electrons can mov e through the material. In semiconductors, on the other hand, there is a band gap that exists, and electrons cannot jump the gap easily at low temperatures. At higher temperatures, more of the semiconductors electrons can jump the gap. This causes its conductivity to go up accordingly. Electrical properties can also be changed by doping This too, is one of their great assets.Putting impurities in a semiconductor material can result in two different types of electrical behaviour. These are the so-called n (negative) and p (positive) type materials. Group V elements like arsenic added to a group IV element, such as silicon or germanium, to produce n-type materials. This occurs due to the extra valence electron in group V materials. On the other hand, group III materials like boron produce the p-type because they have only three valence electrons. When n-type material is connected to a p-type material, the device then exhibits diode behaviour. In other words, current can flow in one di rection across the interface but not in the other.Diodes can act as rectifiers, but they have also led to the development of the transistor. A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a diode with an added third material which creates a second interface. While both npn or pnp types exist, their basic operation is essentially the same as two diodes connected to each other. With proper biasing of the voltages across each diode of the device, large current amplification can be produced. Today, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETS) have become widely used and have replaced the BJT in many applications. As a result, millions of transistors can be placed on a single silicon chip or integrated circuit. These IC chips have better reliability and consume less power than the large vacuum tube circuits of the past.The fabrication of electronic devices from the raw materials requires two major steps. The semiconductor is first melted, and a seed crystal is used to draw a larg e crystal of pure, solid semiconductor from the liquid. Wafers of the semiconductor are sliced and polished. Second, the circuit pattern is etched or deposited using a photolithographic process. The individual chips are finally sectioned from the initial wafer.Semiconductors experience covalent bonding. Their electrons are more tightly bound than the electrons in metals, but much more loosely bound than the electrons in insulators. The atoms in semiconductors are typically arranged in a crystal structure a diamond-like tetrahedral (in which each atom is bonded to 4 others). Semiconductors are also typically semi-shiny.The intermediate ability of semiconductors to conduct electricity at board temperature makes them very useful for electronic applications. For example, the modern computing industry was made possible by the capability of silicon transistors to act as fast on/off switches.Electronic computing speed has greatly increased with the integrated circuit. For example, the cyc le times of todays computers are now measured in nanoseconds. Opto-electronic (laser diode) research is extending the already huge rate at which information can be transmitted.BiomaterialsA biomaterial is any nondrug material that can be used to treat, enhance, or replace any tissue, organ, or function in an organism. The term biomaterial refers to a biologically derived material that is used for its structural rather than its biological properties. It also refers to any material, natural or man-made, that comprises all or part of a living structure, or biomedical device which performs, augments, or replaces a natural function. A biomaterial can be a metal, ceramic, polymer or composite.They may be distinguished from other materials because they possess a combination of properties, including chemical, mechanical physical and biological properties, which allow them to be suitable for safe, effective and authorized use within a physiological environment. For example, collagen, the p rotein found in bone and connective tissues, can be used as a cosmetic ingredient. A second example is carbohydrates modified with biotechnological processes that have been used as lubricants for biomedical applications or as bulking agents in food manufacture.The performance of biomaterials depends on material properties, design, biocompatibility, operative technique, and the health of patient. In particular, biocompatibility relies on the acceptance of the device by the clay. Ideally, there should be no irritation, inflammation, or allergic responseBoth biomaterials and biomechanical expertise are needed to perform in vitro testing of spinal implants.Endo-vascular stents provide structural support vessels following angioplasty and other major medical procedures. After an angioplasty procedure, vessels can experience re-stenosis and eventually return to their original pre-operative diameter. In as many as 10% of the procedures, the vessels may even collapse immediately. To prevent the vessels from shrinking, endo-vascular prosthesis or stents are used. These stents are examples of biomaterials. Stents are tubular structures consisting of a spring, wire mesh or slotted tubes that are deployed inside the vessel. Depending on the design and intended use (coronary/ peripheral), they can range in diameter from several millimeters to many times that size.A biomaterial must be typically have the following properties it must be inert or specifically interactive, biocompatible, mechanically and chemically stable (or biodegradable), processable (for manufacturability), have good shelf life, be nonthrombogenic (does not cause clot formation) if it is blood-contacting, and be sterilizable.There are examples of biomaterials and compatibility problems which raise from the materials not having the above properties. These include dialysis tubing made of cellulose acetate, a commodity plastic, which is known to activate platelets and blood complement. Additionally, Dacron, a polymer widely used in textiles, has been used in vascular grafts, but only gives occlusion-free service for diameters larger than 6 mm. Finally, commercial dictate polyurethanes, initially used in artificial sum totals, can be thrombogenic (they cause clot formation).There are many prominent applications of biomaterials used in the medical profession today. Biomaterials are used in orthopedics for joint replacements (hip, knee), bone cements, bone defect fillers, fracture fixation plates, and artificial tendons and ligaments. They are also used for cardiovascular vascular grafts, heart valves, pacemakers, artificial heart and ventricular assist device components, stents, balloons, and blood substitutes. Another application is in ophthalmics, for contact lenses, corneal implants and artificial corneas, and intraocular lenses. They can also have cosmetic applications, such as in augmentation mammoplasty. Finally, other applications include dental implants, cochlear implants, tiss ue screws and tacks, burn and wound dressings and artificial skin, tissue adhesives and sealants, drug-delivery systems, matrices for cell encapsulation and tissue engineering, and sutures.2).The following paragraphs will provide an analysis of the modern step forward can and the considerations taken by the manufacturer in its design. The overall design of the can has several advantages over another carbonated waterular boozing container, the glass bottle. The pop can is inherently light weight and cheap due to the aluminum or steel alloys that are used in its creation. The cost of a can accounts for only about 4 cents of the price of a canned beverage. About 10 cents goes for advertising. The 12 ounces of beverage in the container typically costs less than a penny to produce. It is also not easily breakable, unlike glass.The shape of the can is easy to hold in the hand, making it much easier for a customer to use. The aluminum or steel alloys of the can also have the ability to undergo expansion without breaking the container. Thus, if a pop can is frozen, it will not explode, it will simply deform. Glass, on the other hand, would not as easily deform and would likely break in this situation. club soda cans are also allow cheaper packaging methods than bottles to be used. This is because the cans can come into contact with each other without breaking, unlike bottles. This allows many cans to be transported without the need for extensive protective pubriers between the individual cans. An superfluous feature that allows the cans to be more easily transported and organised is the shape of the do-nothing and vizor of the can. Both the bottom and leave have a lip. This lip protrudes upward from the top and downwards from the bottom. In other words, there is a indentation in both the top and bottom of the can, as shown in the following figureThe radii of the top and bottom lips are matched so that one can is able to be stacked on top of another can. In oth er words, the top lip of one can fits neatly into the bottom lip of the second can. This is shown in the following diagram.This stacking feature is not possible with bottles, since the bottom base of a bottle does not resemble its top spout.The pop-top soda, with their attached tab, can provide an excellent example of inherently safer design from everyday life. When soda in cans was first introduced, a separate device was required to open these cans, and the first pop-tops represented a major advance in convenience (and environmentalism). The initial pop-tops were scored tear strips in the can top with attached rings or levers to grasp and tear the metal tab from the can. The top was alone removed from the can once the tab was opened, and this top was then discarded. These tabs were therefore environmental hazards when discarded. Alternatively, some people would dispose of the tab by placing it into the canbefore drinking the soda. This caused the tab to occasionally be s fence ino wed when drinking from the can, so it sometimes had to be surgically removed. The current design of the pop-top soda can, where the tab remains an constituent(a) part of the can after opening, represents an inherently safer design. While the tab can be detached by flexing it back and forth until the metal fails, this requires some additional effort to do.It is therefore easier to use the can safely.The procedure involved in creating pop cans will now be outlined. This procedure demonstrates some of the major components of the cans. innovative pop cans are made from either steel or aluminium using advanced engineering and sophisticated technology.There is a special grade of low-carbon steel is used for steel drink cans, which is coated on each side with a very thin horizontal surface of tin. This tin allows the surface to be protected against corrosion. It also acts as a lubricant while the can is being formed.In aluminium cans, the aluminium is alloyed with magnese and magnesium, providing greater strength and ductility. aluminum alloys of different strengths and thickness are used for making the can body and the end. The reason that the alloy used from the end must be stronger than that used for the body will be described shortly.The steps involved in manufacturing cans are illustrated in a simplified way belowThe aluminium or steel strip arrives at the can manufacturing plant in huge coils.A thin film of oil is then used to lubricate the strip. The strip is then fed continuously through a cupping press that blanks and draws thousands of shallow cups every minute.Each cup is pressed through a set of watt carbide rings. This ironing process redraws and literally thins and raises the walls of the cans into their final can shape.Trimmers are then used to remove the surplus irregular edge and cut each can to a precise, specific height. The excess can material is recycled.These trimmed can bodies are passed through highly efficient washers. They are then dried. As a result, all traces of oil are removed in preparation for coating internally and externally.The clean cans are coated externally with a clear or pigment base coat. This coat provides a good surface for the printing inks.The cans are then passed through a hot air oven to dry the ornament onto the surface.Next, a highly sophisticated printer/decorator applies the printed design in up to six colours. A varnish is also applied.9.A coat of varnish is also applied to the base of each can by a rim-coater.10.The cans pass through a second oven which dries the inks and varnish.11.The inside of each can is sprayed with lacquer. This special layer is to protect the can itself from corrosion and its contents from any possibility of interaction with the metal.12.Once again, lacquered internal and external surfaces are dried in an oven.13.The cans are passed through a necker/flanger. Here the diameter of the wall is reduced or necked-in. The top of the can is flanged outwards to accept the end once the can has been filled.14.Every can is tested at each stage of manufacture. At the final stage it passes through a light tester which automatically rejects any cans with pinholes or fractures.15.The finished can bodies are then transferred to the warehouse to be automatically palletised before dispatch to filling plant.The Can End1.Can end manufacture begins with a coil of special alloy aluminum sheet.2.The sheet is fed through a press which stamps out thousands of ends every minute.3.At the same stage the edges are curled.4.The newly formed ends are passed through a lining machine which applies a very precise bead of compound sealant around the inside of the curl.5.A video inspection system checks the ends to ensure they are perfect.TAB.The pull tabs are made from a narrow width coil of aluminum. The strip is first pierced and cut and the tab is formed in two further stages before being joined to the can end.6.The ends pass through a series of dies which score them and at tach the tabs, which are fed in from a separate source.7.The final product is the retained ring pull end.8.The finished ends, ready for capping the filled cans, are encase in paper sleeves and palletised for load to the can filler.As mentioned above, a printer/decorator is used in the manufacturing of cans to apply a printed design in up to six colours to the can body. A varnish is then applied. A varnish is a viscid liquid, consisting of a solution of resinous matter in an oil, or a volatilisable liquid, typically laid on work with a brush. Once it is applied, the varnish soon dries, either by evaporation or chemical action, and the resinous part forms thus a smooth, hard surface, with a beautiful gloss, capable of resisting, to a greater or less degree, the influences of air and moisture. The varnish therefore alters the mien of the printed design on the can. It also increases the durability of the design by ensuring that it is more resistant to the wearing effects of the ele ments. This can be readily observed through common experience.Even old, used pop cans retain their printed designs very well, despite being subjected to the elements such as moisture or air. Bottles, on the other hand, typically have paper labels attached with glue. This requires glue and paper. These bottle labels also do not possess the glossy sheen of the pop can design. Finally, they are more easily susceptible to the influences of the elements, particularly air and moisture. For example, placing a glass bottle and its label in water will cause the label to saturate with water. This degrades the legibility and appearance of the label, and greatly increases the chance that it will tear or fall off the bottle. In contrast, placing a pop can in water has no effect on the legibility, appearance, or durability of the printed design.The base-coater gives the can an exterior coat to enable the printing colours to fix properly (the base coat is sometimesThe of the pop can is a separate piece to allow filling by the beverage maker prior to the top being installed.It can now be revealed why bottled beer and beer from a tap tastes different from beer in a can.Be forewarned if youre a six-pack enthusiast, youre not going to like the explanation.When you sip a can of your favorite brew, you are savoring not only fermented grain and hops but just a hint of the same preservative that kept the anuran you dissected in 10th-grade biology class lily-pad fresh formaldehyde.What is formaldehyde doing in beer? The same thing its doing in pop and other food and drink packaged in steel and aluminum cans killing bacteria. But not the bacteria in the drink, the bacteria that attacks a lubricant used in the manufacture of the can.Notre Dames Steven R. Schmid, pertain professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering, is an expert in tribology the study of friction, wear and the lubrication applied to manufacturing and machine design. The co-author of two textbooks, Fundamentals of Machine Elements and Manufacturing Engineering and Technology (considered the account book of manufacturing engineering), Schmid has conducted extensive research on the manufacturing processes used in the production of beverage and other kinds of cans.Schmid explains that back in the 1940s, when brewers and other beverage makers began putting drinks in steel (and, later, aluminum) cans, the can makers added formaldehyde to a milk-like mixture of 95 percent water and 5 percent oil thats employed in the can manufacturing process. The mixture, called an emulsion, bathes the can material and the can-shaping tooling, cooling and lubricating both.Additives in the oil part are certain bacterias favorite food. But if the bacteria eat the emulsion, it wont work as a lubricant anymore. So can makers add a biocide to the emulsion to kill the bacteria.Before a can is filled and the top attached, this emulsion is rinsed off, but a small rest period of the oil-water mixture is inevitably lef t behind, including trace amounts of the biocide. The amounts remaining are not enough to be a health hazard, but they are enough to taste, and the first biocide used back in the 1940s was formaldehyde.In the decades since, can makers have devised new formulas for emulsions, always with an eye toward making them more effective, more environmentally tender and less costly. But because formaldehyde was in the original recipe, people got used to their canned Budweiser or whatever having a hint of the famous preservatives flavor. For this reason, Schmid says, every new emulsion formula since then has had to be made to taste like formaldehyde, or else people arent going to accept it. Extensive tests are run to make sure the lubricant and additives taste like formaldehyde.Its not that it tastes okay. Its just what people are used to tasting, he says. (Miller Genuine Draft and similar brews, Schmid says, use biocides that have no flavor.)The formaldehyde flavor legacy is one little-known aspect of can-making. Another involves the smooth coating applied to the inside of cans. The rinse cycle that attempts to wash off the emulsion also aims to remove particulate metal junk that forms on the metals surface during the bending and shaping of a can. Like the emulsion, some of the microscopic debris always remains after rinsing. Unlike the emulsion, it can be dangerous to swallow.To keep powdered metal out of a cans contents, Schmid says, manufacturers spray-coat the inside with a polymer dissolve in a solvent. When the can is heated, the solvent boils away, leaving only the protective polymer coating.The coating not only plasters any microscopic debris to the can wall and away from the food, it keeps the food from interacting with can material, an especially important consideration with steel cans.Say youve got tomato dope up in this steel can. You dont want that acidic soup corroding your can. It would kill your can, and the can would adulterate your food, Schmid says. Its also why youre advised that when you go camping and you have Spaghettios you dont cook them in the can, because the polymer will degrade and youre going to be eating polymer. (Industry sources tell Schmid that the typical consequences of such a culinary blunder are headaches and constipation.)Schmid says can manufacturers are forever searching for ways to improve efficiency in their struggle to stay price competitive with plastic and glass bottles. A single can-tooling machine can form 400 cans a minute. In a typical process, all but the top is shaped during a single stroke through a disk of aluminum or steel. The top, seamed on after filling, is made of a more expensive aluminum alloy, rich in magnesium. The added ductile strength of the magnesium is necessary so another machine can mash down a pillar of the metal to form the rivet that attaches the pop top. Todays beverage cans are necked near the top for a reason. The narrower-diameter means less of the expensive lid alloy i s needed. It saves a minuscule fraction of a cent per can, but it adds up, Schmid says.In this artless alone we use about a can per person per day, so you have to make 250 million cans per day. Its an amazing thing to watch these machines kick out these cans.Rivet is likely a separate part from the tab. It should be strong enough to attach the tab to the can and to ensure that it does not break when the can is opened.Lip on top of can prevents liquid from flowing down the side of the can.Bottom is indented to enable stacking even when the tab has been opened. The indent provides the necessary room for the open tab.For recycling purposes, pop cans can be neatly compacted flat, and are easy to transport using a wide range of containers.Rivet is a separate piece which connects the tab to the can top.Top of the pop can is stamped with words such as recyclable and return for refund. Thus, the alloy of the top must be soft enough to allow this stamping to occur.Aluminum costs more than s teel, and the price has been rising. Steel minimills now have continuous casting processes that make sheet steel thin enough to form seamless cans. And there is competition from other materials as well. We h ave to find ways to make cans luminosity and lighter to keep fending off polymers, steel and glass. Lighter cans means lower prices to the consumer, whos then more likely to buy cans off the grocery shelf instead of two-liter bottles or glass.ALCOAs answer is lightweighting, designing cans to use the thinnest aluminum possible within the constraints of strength and appearance.In 1993, Americans recycled 59.5 billion aluminum cans, 3 billion more than in 1991,and raised the national aluminum can recycling rate to 2 out of every 3 cans.Aluminum can recycling saves 95% of the energy needed to make aluminum frombauxite ore. Energy savings in 1993 alone were enough to light a city the size ofPittsburgh for 6 years.Special pallets and stacking techniques are used to protect can bodie s from crushing stresses and to enable quick and efficient loading into the filling machine line.The first beverage can, filled by a brewer in Newark, New Jersey in 1935, weighed three ounces. Today, an aluminum beverage can weighs one half ounce 600% less than the original beverage can. Can manufacturers strive to do even better through a process called light weighting-the use of lighter can ends and thinner body walls. Using less material at the beginning of the manufacturing process results in a more effective means of creating safe, reliable, performance-driven packaging. This results in less waste once the packages contents have been consumed. It also saves manufacturers money an added incentive.3).The diameter of the standard is 12.7 mm. Its radius is half the diameter. Therefore, its radius can be calculated to be (12.7 mm)/ 2 = 6.35 mm. By applying the conversion factor that 1000 mm = 1 m, this radius can also be expressed as (6.35 mm) * (1 m / 1000 mm) = 6.35 x 10-3 m. T he bar has a cross-sectional area given by the following formulaCross-sectional area = ?r2where r is the radius of the steel bar. Using this formula, the cross-sectional area of the bar can be calculated to beCross-sectional area = ?(6.35 x 10-3 m)2Cross-sectional area = 1.266768698 x 10-4 m2(Cross-sectional area = 1.27 x 10-4 m2 when significant figures are applied).Gravity applies a force to the bar proportional to the bars mass. This force is given by the formulaForce due to Gravity = (Mass of object) * (Acceleration of Gravity)If we assume that the steel bar is located at the surface of the earth, the acceleration of gravity is approximately 9.8 m/s2 at this elevation. Therefore, the force applied to the bar by gravity can be calculated to beForce due to Gravity = (7000 kg) * (9.8 m/s2)Force due to Gravity = 68600 kg*m/s2(Force due to Gravity = 70000 kg*m/s2 when significant figures are applied)The stress placed on the bar is given by the following formulaStress = (force) / (uni t area)Therefore, the stress placed on the bar can be calculated to beStress = (68600 kg*m/s2) / (1.266768698 x 10-4 m2)Stress = 541535326.2 kg/(m*s2)(Stress = 500000000 kg/(m*s2) when significant figures are applied)The steel bar has a modulus of elasticity of 205,000 Mpa. 1 Pa is defined to be equal to 1 kg/(m*s2). Using the conversion factor that 1 x 106 Pa = 1 Mpa, 1 Mpa is defined to be equal to 1 x 106 kg/(m*s2). We can therefore express the modulus of elasticity of the steel bar in Pa as (205,000 Mpa) * (1 x 106 Pa / 1 Mpa) = 2.05 x 1012 Pa. The strain experienced by the steel bar is the fractional deformation it undergoes when a stress is applied. This strain can be represented mathematically by the following formulawhere l represents the length of bar, and ?l represents the change in length of the bar due to the applied stress.The elastic region of the stress-strain curve refers to the portion of the curve in which an increase in stress will cause a linearly proportional in crease in strain. Within this elastic region, removal of the stress will cause the strain to be reduced to zero as well. In other words, the material is not permanently deformed, and removal of the stress causes the material to return to its original dimensions. The strain is therefore reversible, or elastic. In the elastic region, therefore, stress and strain can be related by a proportionality coefficient. This proportionality coefficient relating the reversible strain to stress in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve is known as the modulus of elasticity. This modulus of elasticity can be represented mathematically asModulus of Elasticity = (Elastic Stress) / (Unit Strain)This comparability can be rearranged to solve for the unit strain. This rearranged equation is expressed asUnit Strain = (Elastic Stress) / (Modulus of Elasticity)Assuming the stress applied to the bar is small enough to ensure that the bar is still operating in the elastic region of the stress-strain curve, we can use the above equation to determine how much the bar will be strained by the load. Mathematically, this solution takes the following formUnit Strain = (541535326.2 kg/(m*s2)) / (2.05 x 1012 Pa)Unit Strain = (541535326.2 kg/(m*s2)) / (2.05 x 1012 kg/(m*s2))Unit Strain = 2.641635738 x 10-4(Unit Strain = 3 x 10-4 when significant figures are applied)This strain is unitless because it represents the fractional deformation of the bar when the stress is applied.

Legalize It

Legalize It In 2000, George Biersons Marijuana, the Deceptive Drug, was published by the Massachusetts News. Bierson concludes that ganja is harmful in many ways, including spirit equipment casualty, damage to the reproductive system, and weakening of the immune system. He to a fault attempts to convince the reader that hemp is a gateway drug that leads the users to venture into much ruggeder drugs. I believe that research to support anything can be undercoat if one is looking hard enough, but that the fallacy of Biersons conclusion is due to his research seeking facts to support an already-assumed conclusion.Based on my research and my own personal experience, I let found that several of his points, when looked at logically, do non reach his conclusion. One of Biersons strongest supporting claims is of the physical harms of hemp. He argues that Heaths tests of the monkeys brain seemed to show conclusive evidence of brain damage however, he fails to mention that the tests we re later discredited the monkeys were pay offn extremely high doses, doses exponentially higher than that of the average recreational or medical marijuana user, and the tests sample size was too small.More current studies of people who be heavy marijuana smokers show no evidence of brain damage in addition, the American Medical Association has officially endorsed the decriminalization of marijuana. I find this to be quite a bit more compelling than an overaged and poorly executed test. His claims of damage to both the reproductive system and the immune system are again based on invalid experiments of doses administered to mice and other animals, not humans.Moreover, several studies of the effects of marijuana on the human reproductive and immune systems have failed to demonstrate adverse effects. One of the longest standing arguments against the use of marijuana is that it gives users a gateway to harder or more illicit drug use. Bierson states in his article that Marijuana is the seed from which the scourge of drug abuse grows. If we stop the marijuana, we lead stop the rest of drug abuse. I have several issues with this statement first, the simple fact that many heroin and cocaine users used marijuana first does ot conclude that the latter is the result of the first. Biersons vehement argument against marijuana alone become suspect, as most of these heroin and cocaine abusers had also previously used alcohol and tobacco. According to government surveys, a conservative estimate of 80 million American have tried marijuana in their life, and 20 million admit to using it recently if marijuana were truly a gateway drug, we would see a higher percentage of regular users.Instead we are seeing an even smaller percentage of abusers of cocaine or heroin. In fact, most people who use marijuana most often quit on their own before the age of 34. In Holland, marijuana has been partially decriminalized since the 1970s. Reports show that the use of cocaine and heroin has significantly decreased, thus contradicting the hypothesis of marijuana as a gateway drug. Instead, these statistics appear to point to the conclusion that marijuana is more likely a substitute for harder drugs rather than a launching pad.While I do feel that Bierson has failed to present conclusive evidence of the harmfulness of marijuana through the points made, it is not a proper statement to claim that marijuana is harmless either. hitherto though the properties of marijuana have shown not to be physically addictive, one can become psychologically addicted. However, this is true of just about anything that can give one pleasure, such as chocolate, gambling, or shopping. No substance will be safe for everybody, under all circumstances, or when used in luxuriant amounts.For example, over-the-counter medications can be deadly for those who are allergic or who overdose. On the other hand, marijuana overdose has never been a sole inform cause of death the amount of cannabinoids r equired to have a lethal effect are more than 40,000 times the required dosage for intoxication, making it exceedingly unlikely that a person would be able to or could be able to achieve such a concentrated amount in their bloodstream. This is a severe contrast to alcohol, where one can very easily bring about ones demise, and at only a mere four times the wakeless limit.Marijuana continues to be a relevant controversial issue in society today, as many states included decriminalization and legalization proposals on their ballots. It can be very difficult to know which side to support, partially due to the media propaganda, some of which even contradicts itself in its fervor. This is likely the result of many wealthy and influential organizations that have a financial interest in this issue, from the pharmaceutical companies who stand to lose profits from legalization, the governments who stands to gain from taxation, or the dealers who will be put out of origin with the eliminat ion of the black market.It seems that those with a vested interest in the legalization or continued criminalization of marijuana will pull whatever strings necessary to sway public opinion to their side. This may include creating, supporting, or merely citing biased or invalid research to support the desired conclusion, just as Bierson has done in his article.

Mis “Myspace

What kind of databases and database servers does MySpace use? A database is an organized collection of data. A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs. In the initial phases, MySpace ope rated with two electronic network servers (a computer application that helps to deliver web content that shag be graveled through the internet) communicating with angiotensin-converting enzyme database server and a Microsoft SQL Server database(as s database, it is a software product whose primary function is to store and recall data requested by other software applications).But as the yield of accounts started to increase to 500,000 in 2004 one database server wasnt sufficient. MySpace then deployed three SQL servers database. Which one served as a master database, which received all new data and copied it to the other two databases. As time passed and the number of accounts grew to millions, the database servers where approaching their input/ outturn capacity and causing MySpace to add many cheaper servers to share the database load.Still having problems with overload, MySpace switched to virtualized storage architecture. In which databases write to any available disk, thus eliminating the possibility of an applications commit disk becoming overloaded. In 2005 MySpace added more servers between the database servers and the Web servers to store and serve copies of frequently portaled data objects so that the sites web servers wouldnt have to query the servers with lookups as frequently. Why is a database technology so important for a business such as MySpace?Due to the nature of MySpace and because it loosely receive from and serves to its uses are data objects like pictures, audio files and video files databases technology is the only technology that accomplish the mission. Its database must make the objects readily available to anyone requesting access to an entity (person). Database technology cuts through ma ny problems of traditional filing. Rather than storing data in separate file for each application, data are store as to wait to users as being stored in only one single location.How effectively does MySpace organize and store the data on its site? MySpace. com was one of the most favorite social networking sites and experienced one of the greatest growths in the history. But unfortunately it wasnt able to keep with its data storage and challenged technical letdowns that degrade web site performance and frustrated its rapidly expanding network users. MySpace used two Web servers communicating with one database server. It was adequate when the site had a small number of users who were updating or accessing database objects.Obviously that wont work with millions of users. Unfortunately, MySpace kept overloading more frequently than other major Web sites. With a log-in error rate of 20 to 40 percent on some days, the site is not effectively organizing or storing data. What data manage ment problems have risen? How has MySpace solved, or assay to solve these problems? Some of the problems MySpace has encountered are inadequate storage space on its database servers, slow access or no access through its log-in application, and users inabilities to access data.Over the years, MySpace has attempted to fix these problems by adding more and Web servers and more database servers. Some were simply added on without restructuring the entire system to more efficiently use its hardware and software. Workloads were not distributed evenly between servers which caused inefficient use of resources. MySpace developers continue to redesign the Web sites database, software, and storage systems, to keep pace with its exploding growth, but their melody is never done. MySpace switched to a virtualization storage architecture which ended the practice of attaching disk dedicated to specific applications.

15 and 17 inch Multimedia LCD TVs: A Comparison

In the case of comparing a 15 inch multimedia LCD TV system with that of a 17 inch one for the purposes of deciding product continuity, one of the most important factors to be considered is its appeal to the buying public. In this case, the scenario is such that the 15 inch get is quickly losing favor with many customers, term its counterpart is enjoying a rise in sales, buoyed by excellent reviews of the product.Given the options available, I would occupy to say that two plans of action are equally desirable in dealing with the situation. The first would be to modify the products (15 inch LCD) features, styling or performance. It is entirely assertable that the reason lesser customers are buying the product is merely because of a physical attribute.Perhaps customers no longer find it modern or postulate of the art in terms of the overall look and feel. Maybe its technical capabilities are easily dwarfed by the competition. Either way, modifying or tweaking the products attribu tes could involve about renewed interest among potential buyers.However, another option would be to simply discontinue the 15 inch model and focus solely on the 17 inch one. After all, why stick with a losing product? Eventually, profits coming from other areas would only be overshadowed by production and functional costs of this product. By discontinuing it entirely, even more people may become amenable to purchasing the 17 inch model, thus reducing company expenditures while maximizing profit.Nevertheless, in the world of business, only one option must be chosen and this choice almost always involves considerable risk. For this situation, I would have to go with choosing option one first, before doing the second. I would first confabulate if a revitalization of the 15 inch product would change the way customers see it and subsequently cause renewed interest. If it still fails, then a discontinuation would be in order. This way, I can say with certainty that all viable avenues of decision were considered and exhausted before giving up on the product entirely.ReferencesKotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2005). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall 11th ed.Hill, C. & Jones, G. (2006). Strategic Management Theory An Integrated Approach.Houghton Mifflin union 7th ed.Miller, W. (2001). Proactive Sales Management How to Lead, Motivate and Stay Ahead ofthe Game. Broadway, New York American Management Association

Electrophoresis Machine Essay

Gel dielectrolysis is a laboratory office used to decompose biological molecules with an electrical current. In this lesson, well analyze how agarose gel electrophoresis works and introduce the equipment necessary to perform an electrophoresis experiment. Separation of deoxyribonucleic acid molecules of different sizes goat be achieved by using an agarose gel. opine that agarose is a polysaccharide that can be used to form a gel to separate molecules based on size. Because of the gelatin-like nature of agarose, a source of agarose can be heated and cooled to form a gel in a casting tray.Think of casting the agarose gel like pouring hot gelatin into a mold. The hot agarose liquid is poured into a casting tray. Once the mixture cools, a thin agarose brick will form. To ensure theres a regularize to put the DNA in the gel, a comb is placed in the agarose liquid before it cools. Each tooth in the comb will become a hole, or well, in the solidified agarose gel. Once cast, this g el is placed inside a piece of equipment called a gel box. An electrode one positive and one damaging resides at each end of the gel box.The wells are always oriented, so theyre farther from the positive electrode. This ensures that the DNA molecules in the well must(prenominal) travel through the majority of the agarose gel, thus providing sufficient time for separation. Air isnt a great conductor of electricity, so we cover the gel with electrophoresis caramel. Electrophoresis buffer is a common salt solution. It isnt table salt, just now the salt ions can carry an electrical charge just like salt water can. The salt in the electrophoresis buffer completes the circuit between the positive and negative electrodes.When the electrodes of the gel box are connected to a government agency supply, electricity flows through the electrical circuit, causing the negatively charged DNA molecules to move into the agarose gel. The DNA molecules continue to travel through the agarose tow ard the positive electrode as wide as an electrical current is present. Recall that shorter DNA molecules travel through agarose faster than longer DNA molecules. In this way, agarose gel electrophoresis separates different DNA fragments based on size.Once the samples are loaded, the electrical current supplied by the power supply not only moves the DNA samples through the gel but the dye molecules as well. Note the colored lines that appear. These lines do not represent the DNA fragments. These lines represent the dye in the loading buffer that was used to view the samples during the loading step. Once the gel run is complete, the agarose gel can be removed from the gel box and soaked in an ethidium bromide solution. Recall that ethidium bromide is used to visualize DNA. Ethidium bromide molecules intercalate, or insert, between the nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule.In summary, gel electrophoresis is a laboratory procedure used to separate biological molecules with an electric al current. Together with a gel box and a power supply, an agarose gel can be used to separate DNA molecules based on size. Loading buffer enables scientists to insert DNA samples into the wells of the agarose gel. Once the electrophoresis procedure is initiated, the dye in the loading buffer forms a dye front that is used to determine when the procedure is complete. When the electrophoresis procedure is complete, the agarose gel can be soaked in an ethidium bromide solution to visualize the DNA bands on a UV box.

Methods And Preferences Of Learning Styles Education Essay

Learning way can be defined as the contrasting methods and penchants used by savants in the procedure of larning. Individual encyclopaedism stylus and techniques abound in such a manner that learners discover that they have a peculiar acquisition manner with meek or no usage of the other manners. It is besides possible for a scholar to develop ability in less dominant acquisition manners with think to an employment with small or no usage of his/her predominant larning manner. Hence, we can once and for all state that the best manner to larn depends on the individual s ability to detect his/her ain larning manner with regard to the activity involved.The VAK theoretical account is the brief signifier of the Visual-Auditory-Kinaesthetic acquisition manners theoretical account. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, most tribe possess a dominant acquirement manner nevertheless some people may plunk for an equally balanced blend and mixed of the lead acquisition manners. The VAK theoretical account is every cow dung depicted belowOcular Visual perception and ReadingOcular scholars learn best by watching a presentation, looking at ar cardinalrks, or reading. These scholars will instead prefer swelledly images and spatial apprehension than listening to an account. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is presentation.Auditory Listening and speechAuditory scholars would instead prefer listening to things being explained than reading about them. Declaiming information out showy and holding music in the background may be a common survey method, as other noises may go a distraction ensuing in a take on for a comparatively quiet topographic point. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is talking.Kinesthetic fill and Doing.This learning manner is besides referred to as Physical , or Tactile , or Touchy-Feely . These scholars border information best through hands-on experience. They prefe r action-doing activities instead than the sit still activities. An illustration of learning activity that suits this learning manner is experiential.It is worthwhile to observe that if there is a mismatch between the pupil s learning manner and the instructor s instruction manner the pupil will emphatically non understand what he/she is being taught which can finally take to hapless classs and low ego regard on the portion of the pupil. Based on the aforesaid grounds, the instructor is expected to integrate a classification of different learning acquisition manners into his/her lesson program in order to do the lesson all inclusive and enable them to larn more efficaciously.Differentiation is defined as the act by which teachers/trainers utilizing a kitchen stove of different attacks and resources to suit the different persons in the schoolrooms. The best manner to run into student s different acquisition demands is to present the course of study in a figure of different w ays to take the vehicle by which the accomplishments, cognition and constructs arrive, every bit good as showing a background knowledge of undertakings. The ground for making this is because it ensures the maximal sum of pupil engagement, i.e. student planning, pupil appraisal and pupil termination devising.Examples of activities that are appropriate to the three identified acquisition manners are as followsOcular victimisation highlighter pens to footnote work.Auditory Introducing new words through linguistic communication games.Kinesthetic By proviso chances for scholars to make things.Functional accomplishments are hardheaded accomplishments in English, Mathematics and Information and Communication Technology ( ICT ) . These practical accomplishments which include employability, personal and developmental accomplishments are expected to be completed by Learners set abouting the 14-19 Diplomas as portion of their chief acquisition because they would shortly be used as repla cing for the current accomplishments demand in apprenticeships. The makings with regard to these accomplishments have been developed up to level 2. The importance of these practical accomplishments can non be overemphasized as they are designed to let persons to work independently, efficaciously and confidently.Implanting operable accomplishments involves adding the three functional accomplishments to a specific country to be taught so that scholars can larn the particular topic in interrogation and besides at the same time develop their reading, spelling, composing, arithmetic, basic math, ICT etc. Implanting functional accomplishments need but be at the degree of the scholars and the topic.Below are a few ways of by and large implanting functional accomplishmentsNot accepting written work with hapless spelling or grammar. Offer hold in if necessary.Give scholars worksheets to rehearse any slippery mathsPromote them to utilize your class as a ground to upgrade their IT skillsIt is expected that any lesson program by the teacher/trainer should hold these three different elements of functional accomplishments imbed in them.I will utilize a readiness in my specialist country ( ICT ) called Customer entertain proviso for IT Professionals as an illustration.The help desk client support faculty is a Flat 3 City & A Guilds class that teaches learners how to manage client complain and support questions in a professional mode. It is an ICT class and the scenario involves scholars working for a Support company. It consists of three chief undertakings and two bomber undertakings. proletariat A Learners are to react to 10 different electronic mails from clients either charge about the support services or bespeaking for aid from the help desk. They besides have to utilize database tract to log all the calls they deal with on the help desk. infix functional Skills in business A Literacy and ICT. The scholars have to write/compose a professional electronic mail re sponse to ailments or predication which MUST be grammatically right. They besides use Microsoft entree to log the calls in a database.Undertaking B Learners will work with a dataset on Microsoft Excel. They are to analyze the informations and so compose a study on their analysis. Their study MUST incorporate mathematical diagrams such as Pie charts, saloon charts and graphs.Embedded functional accomplishments in Task B MATHS ( NUMERACY ) making pie charts, saloon charts, graphs AND LITERACY composing a study.Task C Learners MUST make a press release that illustrates how to decide common support jobs. The instruction manual in the press release MUST be grammatically right and easy to understand and so distributed to clients. Learners besides do a short talk presentation for clients. The presentation must be establish on a common support mistake.Embedded functional accomplishments in Task C LITERACY i.e. development a press release and carry oning a one on one presentation session. thither are many other faculties similar to the one discussed above in my specialist country. These faculties are embedded with all the functional accomplishments and are designed non merely to measure the scholar s degree of functional accomplishments but besides to assist them develop the needful accomplishments in employment and life.COMPLETED WORKSHEET IDENTIFYINGEMBEDDED serviceable SKILLS IN A PTLLS SESSIONKeys/Basic Skills developmentCommunication / LiteracyInformation Communication Technology masking of Number / NumeracyWider Key Skills

Australia’s Foreign Relations to 1945

Introduction Australias presence and participation in global affairs have been commendable incessantlyyplace decades now. Australia officially referred to as commonwealth of Australia is in the Confederate hemisphere. Australia comprises of the mainland of Australian continent, Tasmania Island and other smaller islands in the pacific and Indian oceans. Like other countries, Australia has undergone numerous milestones over the past centuries which have influenced its present developments. Australian alien traffic with other countries including the US, UK and other Asiatic countries ar of big grandness argon.Having interacted with these countries at different times of history, Australia has been able to sh be common policies and interests with these nations. Firstly, the UK which colonized Australia since the eighteenth century had great influence on its current unconnected form _or_ system of government. The pile dealing between Australia and the States as substantially a s the joint participation in WW II influenced its opposed polity and relations. These interactions are also evident with other Asian countries like saucily Zealand, Japan and China which have shared common experiences in war as swellhead as trade.This essay will discuss the importance of Britain, Asia, and the US in shaping Australian unlike form _or_ system of government since the 1788 settlement to WW II (1945). Australia has a abundant and appealing foreign policy which makes it a trusted ally to many nations across the globe. The foreign policy of Australia includes various separated but inter-related policies in the fields of trade, security measures, vindication, foreign aid and international commitments. Being a signatory to different treaties in the UN, Australia has been steadfast in attending to issues of global interest.In regards to trade and foreign aid, Australia is perpetually in the forefront in fostering the spirit of globalisation. It is however notable that the foreign policies and relations of Australia are fast in upholding and promoting the interests of Australia. As far as security and defence is stired, Australia is always vigilant in addressing any threat to national security. The development of the current and past foreign policies specifically between 1788 and 1945 was greatly influenced by the UK, US and Asia .The UK which was the first to arrive in Australia in the 18th century greatly influenced Australian foreign policy from settlement (1788) to the WW II. It is worth noting that Australia was a victim of tyranny of distance as well as a colony of Britain. Till 1942, Australia showed little or no independence in foreign policy. This is because it was under Britain influence. in spite of that Australia was a dominion of Britain and that it had right to determine its foreign policy, it never showed independence. The issues of culture, military, economics and governing were greatly influenced by Britain.It is hereby n otable that Britain had great importance in forging Australian foreign policy on the issues of politics, security, defence and economics. Since the settlement in 1788 to 1930s, Australia had no international embassies apart from London. The main concern for Australia was on trade and economics. Britain hereby contend a key role in modelling Australian foreign policy on trade, culture and economics which helped in meeting the interests of the Australian citizens . US played a key role in building Australian foreign policy since 1788 to 1945.Based on the rugged trade relations, Australian extended these relations from trade to security. The fears of Japan attack in 1930s was a real problem to Australia. Despite this problem, Britain was unable to defend Australia thus seeking the support of US. Based on this phenomenon, it is evident that the fear of Japan invasion influenced Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945. Australia extended its trade ties with US to security and defence relations. This is one of the foreign policy of Australia whereby it sought to go over strategic relations with other countries .The foreign policies take by Australia on security and defence before 1945 were influenced by the US. This substructure be attributed to the continued threat of Japanese threat and hostility to Australia. As a result of the readable hostility between Australia and Japan during the Paris Pease Conference in 1919, Australia depended on US from defence. During this period, Australian defence planning borrowed from US. In the 1920s, Australian installd an open stereotype and prejudice which was influenced by the US.There was a ontogeny negative stereotype of Japanese by Australia is a potential threat to national security. In repartee to this scenario, Australia developed and implemented foreign policies which were aimed at enhancing its security and countering Japanese invasion. The foreign policy on security was also allied to the US as a pote ntial strategic partner. The Japanese invasion in China in 1933 had a significant impact on Australians attention. In this regard, Australia travel fast to ensure it had strong ties with US, hence strengthening its defence. In light ith this phenomenon, it can be naturalized that Australian foreign policy between 1918 and 1945 was influenced by US due to the threat of Japanese invasion hence prompting it to enter into strategic alliance with the US . The stay of British settlers in Australia since 1788 had great influence and importance to Australias foreign policy since 1788 to 1945. The models of Australias legal and political systems as well as policies on trade and security were influenced by Britain. The foreign policy on immigration adopted by Australia till 1945 was influenced by Britain.It is important noting that Britons dominated the culture, language and the entire make-up of Australian society. out-of-pocket to the domination of Australia by Britain, its national ident ity was relatively indistinct from that of Britain. This made the two nations to share alike(p) philosophies and practices as far as foreign policy and relations were concerned. The immigration policies adopted by Australia favoured Irish and Britain. This manifests the strong influence of Britain to Australias foreign policies before 1945.The establishment of the Immigration Restriction Act was a major manifestation of Britains influence to Australian foreign policy. In this policy, Australia effectively banned Asia migration into the land for the next 50 years. There was also preceding legislations which prohibited the employment of contract labourers as well as the deportation of those already in the country. These developments had great influence on Australian foreign relations till 1945 . Asia has played a critical role in influencing the foreign policies of Australia from 1788 to 1945.The relationships between Australia and other Asian countries of Malaysia, Singapore, New-Z ealand, Japan, Indonesia, and China was of importance in modelling its foreign policy. The quest for peace and regional stability was a major issue which influenced Australias foreign policy. This can be evident in the 1944 agreement with New Zealand which dealt with welfare, security and advancement of slew in the different independent territories. The need for peace and security for its people can be viewed as the major concern for Australia which influenced its foreign policy during this time.Alongside the security concerns, Australia was also think on boosting its economic prospects. In order to ensure prosperity and sustainability in national development, Australia was keen to ensure regional cooperation with other Asian countries. This was aimed at enhancing the economic prospects of the country . The importance of US in the foreign policy of Australia is very evident through the continued cooperation between the two countries. In the periods before 1945, the US was regarded as Australias key ally in WW II.The entire foreign and defence policies of Australia directly depended on US support. He strong ties between US and Australia influenced its foreign policy on the Southeast Asia. Despite that at times Australia acted independently on foreign policies, it always pursued policies which impressed the US. It is important noting that Australia was ever submissive and subservient to US wishes. Nevertheless, at times Australia pursued different foreign policies which contradicted those of US as in the case of Malaya and West New Guinea.The fear of Australia from foreign invasion had a role in the dependency of Australias foreign policy on US . Conclusion It is apparent that the foreign policy and relations of Australia to 1945 was influenced by Asia, Britain and America. The interactions of these countries with Australia played a key role in shaping its foreign policy from 1788 to 1945. The key issues of concern were defence, security, trade, and migration. As observed in the discussion, the US was very influential on the foreign policies of Australia on defence and security.This was also the case of Asia which influenced Australian foreign policy on regional cooperation and security. These insights demonstrate the significance of Britain, Asia and US in modelling Australian foreign policy between 1788 and 1945. Bibliography Dunn, Michael. Australia and the Empire From 1788 to the gravel (Sydney Fontana/Collins, 1984), 75-154. Esthus, Raymond. From Enmity to Alliance US-Australian Relations, 1931-1941 (Melbourne Melbourne University Press, 1964), 83- 132. Grey, Jeffrey. A Military History of Australia (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1999), 45-98.